Zochapa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zitsulo kapena pulasitiki.Malumikizidwe apamwamba kwambiri amafunikira mawotchi achitsulo olimba kuti ateteze kutayika kwa katundu woyamba chifukwa cha brinelling pambuyo pa torque.Makina ochapira ndi ofunikiranso kuti apewe dzimbiri, makamaka poyika zomangira zachitsulo kuchokera pamalo a aluminiyamu.Zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza matenda, monga kusokoneza.Chowotchera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chogubuduza sichikufunika chifukwa cha mtengo wake kapena chifukwa choletsa danga.Zopaka zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zichepetse kutha ndi kugundana, mwina poumitsa pamwamba kapena popereka mafuta olimba (mwachitsanzo, odzipaka okha).
Magwero a mawuwa sakudziwika;Kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kwa mawuwa kunali mu 1346, komabe, nthawi yoyamba yomwe tanthauzo lake linalembedwa mu 1611.
Ma gaskets a mphira kapena ulusi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera (kapena faucets, kapena mavavu) ngati chisindikizo chotsutsana ndi kutuluka kwa madzi nthawi zina amatchedwa colloquially ngati ochapira;koma, ngakhale amawoneka ofanana, ma washers ndi gaskets nthawi zambiri amapangidwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndipo amapangidwa mosiyana.
Ochapira ambiri amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu yotakata;
Ma washers osavuta, omwe amafalitsa katundu, ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba kuti asamangidwe, kapena kupereka mtundu wina wa zotsekemera monga magetsi.
Makina ochapira masika, omwe ali ndi kusinthasintha kwa axial ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apewe kukhazikika kapena kumasula chifukwa cha kugwedezeka.
Ma washers otsekera, omwe amalepheretsa kumangirira kapena kumasula poletsa kusuntha kosasunthika kwa chipangizo chomangira;kutseka washers kawirikawiri komanso masika ochapira.
